Food Refrigeration & Air - Conditioning — Winter 2018

Answer the following:

How is leakage of halocarbons detected? (ii) How do CFC’s deplete the ozone layer of stratosphere? ((iiii)) Give safety criteria for selection of refrigerants.

Answer the following:

Work out the R-designation of C H .26 (ii) What are azeotropes? Give examples. (iii) Two metric tons of water at 0 oC is converted to ice at 0 oC in 12 hours. Calculate the refrigeration capacity in TR. [C = 4.2 kJ/kgK] pw (iv) What is ‘Green House Effect’?

Acold storage of 10 TR capacity based on simple VCR system of is operating on the following conditions: Evaporating temperature = - 10 oC, Condensing temperature = 36 oC Compressor discharge temperature = 40 oC Avg. Specific heat of superheated vapours = 1.12 kJ/kgK COP of the system = 4.0 Calculate the following: i. Mass flow rate of the refrigerant in kg/s. ii. Compressor power requirement in kW. iii. Quality of refrigerant entering the evaporator. iv. Heat rejected at Condenser in kW v. Carnot COP of the system. vi. Refrigeration efficiency in % vii. If ηvol= 90%, calculate actual piston displacement in m3. C t h h v ρ Pv g f g f kJ/Kk (oC) kJ/kg kJ/kg m3/kg kg/ m3 g - 10 382 183 0.11 1330 0.84 36 412 250 0.023 1160 1.12 40 420 260 0.019 1140 1.15

Aheat pump based on simple VCRS of 200 kW heating capacity working between evaporating and condensing temperatures of – 10 oC and 30 oC respectively has COP of 4.5. If the enthalpy of saturated vapours entering the compressor is 400 kJ/kg and the enthalpy of liquid refrigerant entering the expansion valve is 250 kJ/kg, calculate

Compressor power in kW (ii) Heat rejection ratio (HRR) (iii) Refrigeration efficiency1

In a vapour absorption type refrigeration system, heating, cooling and refrigeration takes place at temperatures of 100°C, 20°Cand -10°Crespectively.

Find the theoretical COP of the system. (ii) If the heating temperature is increased to 180°Cand the refrigeration temperature is decreased to -30°C, find the percent change in the COP.

Explain the operation of simple VCRS with the help of P-h & T-s diagrams. Explain the effect of the following on the performance of vapour compression cycle:

Liquid sub-cooling (ii) Compressor volumetric efficiency (iii) Reduction in suction temperature.

Define cascade refrigeration system. For a 2-stage cascade refrigeration system, the COP of low and high cascade sides are 1.5 and 4.5 respectively. Calculate the COP of the system.

In an absorption type refrigerator heat is supplied to generator by condensing saturated steam at 2 bar. Calculate the maximum COP possible of the system if the temperature to be maintained inside the refrigerator is – 5 oC. The atmospheric temperature is 32oC. If the refrigeration load is 5 TR and the actual COP is 90% of maximum COP, calculate the mass of steam required per hour. Assume that only latent heat of condensation of steam is used for heating purpose. Given: Saturation temperature of steam at 2 bar = 120 oC; h = 2230 kJ/kg fg

Explain the construction and working of simple VAR system based on LiBr –Water.

Explain the operation and applications of of a 2- stage cascade refrigeration system with a p-h diagram.

“An ideal vapour absorption refrigeration system may be considered as a heat-operated refrigerating machine combining a heat engine and a mechanical refrigerator working together to produce the desired refrigeration effect”. Justify the statement with help of schematic diagram and mathematical relations.

Define ‘Draft’, ‘Blow’ and ‘Throw’ as related to air flow with the help of a neat diagram.

Answer the following: i. Briefly describe types of supply air outlets in air conditioning. ii. State important considerations while choosing a fan.

Classify condensers and give the criteria for their selection. Awater-cooled condenser is sized to reject 50 kW heat at a condensing temperature of 40°Cwhen the maximum outdoor temperature is 36°C. What will be the approximate condensing temperature2 when the outdoor temperature is at 18°Cand the load is reduced to 20 kW?

State fan laws Give measures to improve fan efficiency? Acentrifugal fan running at 960 RPM consumes 880W power and delivers 105 cmm of air at 1 atm static pressure. If the fan speed is doubled, calculate

The power required. (ii)Air flow rate in m3/minute

What are air washers? An air-filtration system receives dusty air from a plant having a dust loading of 0.003 kg/m3 of air. The exhaust air has a dust loading of 0.255 g/m3 of air. Calculate the weight of dust collected by the filter in 10 hours if the air-filtration system handles 500 m3/minute of air. What is the filtration efficiency of the system?

What are cooling towers? Explain its operation with a neat diagram.

Give the classification of compressors. Explain hermetic compressor.

Define cooling, freezing, refrigeration and chilling. Calculate the refrigeration load expressed in TR which balances the heat loss from the four side walls of a small cold room 3 m × 3.0 m × 2.5 m. The walls are made of 24 cm brickwork, 25 cm hard board and 1.32cm cement. The inside wall temperature is -15°Cand outside wall temperature is 30°C. Consider a safety factor of 2 for losses through joints etc. The thermal conductivities of brick, board and cement plaster are 0.62 W/m°C, 0.05 W/m°Cand 0.82 W/m°Crespectively.

Explain the following in brief: (i) TEV (ii) IQF

Write brief notes on the following with figures if required: i. Axial flow fans ii. Time switches iii. Automatic humidity control iv. Types of temperature sensors

Discuss the need for low temperature storage of foods. Give the basic design criteria for cold stores and list basic components of a cold storage plant including safety equipment. What is the need for an ‘Ante Room’?