What is a buffer? Discuss its role in maintaining pH in biological systems
[3 marks]Describe the Miller-Urey experiment and its significance in understanding the chemical basis of life.
[4 marks]Define nucleosides and nucleotides. What is the structural difference between them?
[7 marks]What are glycoconjugates? Discuss their biological importance.
[3 marks]What are the possible reasons that leads to generation of ketone bodies? Discuss its fate.
[4 marks]Justify why oxidation of lipids are termed as beta oxidation? Also highlight key steps for oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid chains.
[7 marks]Explain the process of oxidation of saturated C 16 fatty acid.
[7 marks]Differentiate between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides with examples.
[3 marks]Describe the mobilization and transport of fats within the body.
[4 marks]What is the significance of biosynthesizing membrane lipids? Describe the process briefly.
[7 marks]What are the different types of DNA, discuss each with their function.
[3 marks]What are lipoproteins, and what role do they play in the transport of fats?
[4 marks]Explain the steps involved in the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides
[7 marks]Explain the concept of isoelectric point (pI) and its importance in amino acid titration
[3 marks]Draw the general structure of an amino acid and explain the properties of its functional groups
[4 marks]Describe the process of glycogen metabolism, including both synthesis and breakdown1
[7 marks]List and describe the various types of RNA and their functions in the cell.
[3 marks]04 Explain the Ramachandran plot and its significance in protein structure analysis
[ marks]Describe the metabolic fates of amino groups and the role of the urea cycle
[7 marks]What is the role of NADPH in the pentose phosphate pathway, and why is it significant for cellular metabolism?
[3 marks]Calculate the pI of an amino acid with the following pKa values: pKa1 (α-COOH) = 2.1, pKa2 (α-NH3+) = 9.3
[4 marks]Explain the role of the carnitine shuttle in fatty acid metabolism. Discuss the steps involved in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for β- oxidation.
[7 marks]Explain the pentose phosphate pathway and its importance in cellular metabolism.
[3 marks]Describe the key regulatory steps in gluconeogenesis and how they differ from glycolysis
[4 marks]Describe the process of glycogen metabolism, including both synthesis and breakdown
[7 marks]