Physical Metallurgy — Summer 2025

Define: system, component, and phase.

Describe the concept of degree of freedom in phase equilibria and provide an example.

Draw Fe-Fe Cphase diagram and label the phases present at various3 compositions and temperatures.

As a metallurgist, what information one can extract from a phase diagram?

Explain the meaning of the terms "eutectic," "peritectic," and "eutectoid" reactions in alloy systems, providing examples of each.

Compare and contrast solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening as strengthening mechanisms in alloys.

Describe the phase fractions in a binary alloy system using the lever rule and its application.

List the possibility of formation of phases upon solidification of binary alloy.

Define an alloy. Give two examples of it.

How cooling curves of a binary alloy system are related to the formation of phases during solidification? Explain for an isomorphous system.

Draw an allotropy of iron.

Illustrate the micrographs at 0.4 wt. %Con the Fe-Fe Cdiagram.3

What is the reasons that FCC is more ductile than the BCC structure?

How spherical aberration can be minimized for microscopic objective lense?

What is the minimum separable distance between features that can be resolved by a microscope using the flight of 500 nm wavelength, having a refractive index of the lens is 1.9 and an aperture angle of 150°?

Write a short note on the Gibbs phase rule.

Draw the Miller indices planes: (1 1 1); (1 2 3); (2 1 0)

What is the purpose of heat treatment?

Explain the annealing and normalizing. What type of phases could be formed?

What do you mean by hardenability of steel?

For binary systems, A & B, a solid of 60% A (40% B) co-exists with a liquid of 18% A (82% B). The overall composition is 38%, find the fraction of solid.

Write a short note on super alloys and shape memory alloys.

Write two alloys of aluminium and copper.

Classify the ferrous alloys.

Give the mechanisms that strengthen the alloys. Discuss briefly about any one mechanism.