Define data communication and list its components.
[3 marks]Differentiate circuit-switched and packet-switched networks.
[4 marks]Explain the OSI reference model with neat diagram.
[7 marks]Define analog signal, digital signal, and their differences.
[3 marks]Explain ASK, FSK, and PSK techniques.
[4 marks]Explain Go-Back-Nand Selective Repeat ARQ with diagram.
[7 marks]Explain HDLC protocol and its frame format.
[7 marks]What is a frame? Mention its importance.
[3 marks]Explain Distance Vector Routing algorithm.
[4 marks]Explain TCP vs UDP and their header formats.
[7 marks]Define error detection and error correction.
[3 marks]Explain Link State Routing algorithm.
[4 marks]Discuss IPv4 and IPv6 packet formats in detail.
[7 marks]Define CSMA/CD protocol.
[3 marks]Explain ICMP and its role in IP.
[4 marks]Explain Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) working with frame format.
[7 marks]Explain Stop-and-Wait ARQ with a timing diagram.
[3 marks]Explain firewall and IPSec mechanisms.
[4 marks]Explain Frame Relay and ATM protocols.
[7 marks]Define SMTP and POP3 protocols. Page 1 of
[2 marks]Explain FTP and HTTP protocols.
[4 marks]Explain SNMP architecture with example.
[7 marks]Write short note on public-key cryptography.
[3 marks]Explain symmetric key algorithms – DES & AES.
[4 marks]Explain RSA algorithm with example. Page 2 of
[2 marks]