Answer the following (Any 2 out of 3) 2X10=20) 1. Explain the concept of the pH scale and its logarithmic nature. Discuss how the pH of a solution is calculated and its significance in various chemical processes. 2. Provide a detailed explanation of the First Law of Thermodynamics, including its mathematical representation and the principle of energy conservation. Give a real-world application as an example. 3. Explain the concept of symmetry in molecules. Describe the various symmetry elements, including the Centre of symmetry, plane of symmetry, and axis of symmetry, with molecular examples. (Marks-
Answer the following (Any 6 out of 8) 6X5=30) 1. Describe a method to experimentally determine the half-life of a chemical reaction. 2. Explain the concepts of molarity, formality, and normality, with examples for each.1 3. Define secondary standards in analytical chemistry. Discuss how they are prepared and their role in the calibration and standardization of analytical solutions. 4. Explain the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the concept of entropy. 5. Define heat capacity and differentiate between specific heat and molar heat capacity. 6. How are enantiomers separated, and why is this process important in chemistry and biology? 7. Distinguish between enantiomers and diastereomers. How are they classified? 8. Explain the principle of selective precipitation and its application in separating ions from a mixture.
