Biomedical Sensors & Transducers — Summer 2025

Explain the following terms: 1) Signal 2) Measurement 3) Measurand 4) Noise 5) Artifact 6) Flow

Explain static characteristics of measuring instruments.

Draw and explain the general structure of a measurement system.

What is error? Explain it with its types.

List and explain classification of transducers.

Explain different factors to consider while selecting a transducer.

Explain the Photoresistor with its working principle, construction and applications.

Which factors affect the operation of Optoisolator and how?

Explain the Phototransistor with its working principle, construction and applications.

Draw and explain basic construction of Optoisolator. Explain working principle. Enlist applications.

Enlist and explain types of thermocouple.

What is optical pyrometer? Explain with its basic constructional diagram.

Explain resistance temperature detector (RTD) with its working principle and construction.

What is strain gauge? State its applications.

What is wheatstone bridge? Draw circuit for the measurement of resistance. Derive the equation for equilibrium of bridge.

Draw and explain construction and circuit diagram of linear variable differential transformer.

Enlist and explain biomedical applications of strain gauge. Page 1 of

Explain advantages and disadvantages of piezo-electric transducer.

Explain piezo-electric transducer. Derive the equation for output voltage and sensitivity.

Explain Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluid with its properties and examples.

What is velocity transducer? Explain it with working principle.

Explain Ultrasonic (Doppler shift) linear velocity transducer. Derive equation for flow velocity.

Write down a note on coordinate system used to describe motion.

Draw and explain construction of capacitive type pressure sensor.

Write a note on intraocular pressure monitoring. Page 2 of