Fundamentals of Biopotentials — Summer 2022

Write down the Nernst potential equation & GHK equation with all parameters description/nomenclature.

Explain briefly the Network equivalent circuit for Nerve/Muscle fiber.

Explain in detail the block diagram of Medical Instrumentation System.

Define following terms: (i) Transducer (ii) Sensor (iii) Electrode

Explain briefly the electrode behavior and circuit models.

Explain in detail various types of Body surface electrodes.

Explain briefly the events in which following electrodes are often used:

Electrode array (ii) Micro electrode (iii) Internal Electrodes

Discuss the various characteristics of EEG signal.

Explain Electrode – Electrolyte interface with neat labelled diagram.

Explain in detail Wigger’s Diagram.

Explain physiology of EMG signal.

Explain Electrode- Skin Interface and motion artificats.

Sketch and explain briefly the standard ECG lead system.

Explain briefly Diffusion and Diffusion Co-efficient.

Enlist the level of normal Distribution of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl- ions across and within the cell.

Explain step wise process of Na-K ATPase pumping along with diagram.

Explain Ca2+ pumping processing across cellular membrane.

Explain the Estimation of the P /P Ratio From Membrane Potential Na K Measurements

Explain in detail the circuit analysis for Cell Membrane.

Write down the various values of current shock and its effect on human body.

Explain briefly various Electrical Safety codes and Standards.

Classify various Macro and Micro shock hazards and steps for prevention against shock.

Discuss the need of cooling in electrical devices and explain its mechanism.

Explain the concept of EM coupling and its interference.

Explain in detail the Grounding and Shielding consideration.