Fundamentals of Biopotentials — Winter 2024

Define following terms: (i) Transducer (ii) Sensor (iii) Electrode

Write down following equation along with its appropriate description of each variable/parameter:

Nernst Equation (ii) GHK equation

Explain in detail the medical instrumentation system with neat diagram.

Write short note on electrode – electrolyte interface along with necessary chemical reactions.

Give difference between Polarizable and Non Polarizable electrode.

Explain in detail Electrode – skin interface and also mention possible source of noise while measurement of bio potentials.

Explain in detail various types of electrodes used for measurement of biopotentials with neat diagram.

Write down the values of standard distribution of Na+, K+ and Cl- ions inside and outside the cell.

Give full form of ENG and also enlist its physiological importance of its measurement.

Explain in detail the lead system of ECG.

Explain the term flux measurement in context to ion transport or ion exchange.

Draw and explain various components of standard ECG signal.

Explain in detail the 10 – 20 system for EEG.

Explain briefly the term permeability coefficient.

Explain physiology of Calcium pump.

Explain in detail Na-K ATPase pump and its working in detail with neat diagram.

Explain briefly the term diffusion coefficient.

Discuss the calculations of Pfrom Por P /P Na K Na K

Explain in detail the circuit analysis of cell membrane with necessary diagram.

Enlist various factors or parameters from heat sink design.

Explain physiological effects of electricity.

Explain in detail the basic approaches towards protection from electrical shock.

Enlist various electrical safety codes/standards.

Explain capacitive and inductive crosstalk.

Explain in detail various macro shock and micro shock hazards.