Fundamentals of Biopotentials — Winter 2025

Define the Action Potential and enlist the different phases of it.

Write a short note on the Standard ECG Lead System.

Explain the Medical Instrumentation System in detail with necessary block diagram.

Define Membrane Potential & write the Nernst equation for the estimation of the cell membrane potential.

Describe the principle of Sodium-Potassium Pump in brief.

Explain Polarizable and Non Polarizable Electrodes with necessary schematics.

Explain the structure of various Microelectrodes for intracellular recordings.

Give the difference between Electrical Grounding and Shielding.

Describe the Physiology of Electromyogram (EMG).

Explain the Initiation & Propagation of Action Potential within the excitable cells in detail.

Give the definition of Diffusion and Diffusion coefficient.

Describe the EEG electrodes and 10-20 EEG system in brief.

Derive the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) Equation and justify how the membrane permeability affect the membrane potential.

Enlist different types of Electrodes used for Biopotential measurements with its applications.

Describe Electromagnetic Coupling and Interference in brief.

Explain the Ion distribution and Ion Exchange mechanism within the Neuron with necessary schematics.

Define Electroretinography and Electroneurography.

Write a short note on Electrical Safety codes and standards.

Explain Passive Electrical Membrane model with necessary equations.

Define the terms (i) Macroshock (ii) Microshock.

Describe the Physiological effects of electricity in brief.

Explain Electrode-Electrolyte interface in detail with necessary schematics.

Define the terms (i) Refractory Period (ii) Electrode Potential

Describe the Basic approaches to protect against shock and methods of Electrical Isolation in brief.

Explain the Electrode-Skin interface equivalent circuit with necessary schematics.